EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL HEALTH

 Introduction

        Health is a state of perfect of being harmony between all the organs and systems of the body. According to johns, et; al. (1975) He said health is a quality, resulting from the total functioning of the individual in his environment that socially useful life. 

      Mental health is a vital part of the total health of an individual

And individual, though many parts, is made up physiologically of cells, organs and systems and having physical, mental and social dimension, and functioning as a unit. Health is that state or quality which enables an individual to face up to crisis, carry out his daily responsibilities effectively.

       Definition of health by other world health organization physical,  complete physical, mental and social wellbeing not merely the absent of diseases.

COMPONENT OF HEALTH

1. Physical Health
2. Mental Health
3. Social Health
4. Emotional Health
5. Spiritual Health

Mental health is refer to capability of an individual to perceive, comprehend, think, judge and remember. Mental health is intellectual and reassessing faculties and pause for a moment think.

      Think about all this people you know, who have rather stranger perception of people around them or about certain cultural and political ideologies. Mental heath also implies the ability to judge reality accurately and to see things in terms of their long range rather than short term values with regards to interpersonal relationships, mental health means the ability to love, to able to sustain affectionate relationships with other persons.

        Social health is the ability to an individual to related or interact with one another in a proper legal or right way. An individual or relate or interact cheer peoples without facing or causing problems.

          Emotional health is the ability of mind and brain to solve any emotional issues.

     Our brains is the part which regulates both our mental and emotional faculties. So these two are highly related. In fact, most of the people who suffer from some psychological disease are both mentally and emotionally ill.

        Technically speaking our emotions are neuron hormonal reactions occurring in response to some physical or mental stimulus, which in turn, affect our response to the same stimulus on this physical and mental plane. This may sound like a very unromantic explanation but it is a fact.

      Emotion is not form our heart, they are generated from our brain.

All the emotions we feel-love, joy, hate, anger, sorrow etc. are nothing but some primitive algorithms that are proceed to generate response on the physical and mental level. An individual's behavior shows such an individual's ability to:

1. Face problems confronting him realistically
2. Make choices from several alternative intelligently
3. Cope with one's emotions maturely and skillfully
4. Work efficiently and live effectively
5. Find satisfaction, success and happiness in carrying out one's own role, and finally.
6. To contribute to the improvement of the society.

FACTORS AFFECTING MENTAL HEALTH

CONCEPTS

1. Mental health is affected by a variety of factors.
2. Mental health is a product of the interaction of a variety of factors.
3. Heredity is a significant in mental health.
4. Environmental factors contribute significantly to mental health status.
5. Stress contributes a major factor in mental health today.

Objectives

This chapter will enable the readers to:

• Identify the factors that affect mental health
• Discuss the importance of each of the factors that affect mental health.
• Show the relationship between the factors that affecting mental health.
• Relate each factor to his own mental health status
• Discuss the role of the endocrine glands play in shaping mental health status 
• Discuss the relative importance of heredity and environment determining mental health status.

The foundations of mental health include one's total make up as a biological organism, the influence of the society in which one finds himself (Environment) and the interaction process between one and the society, the experience by which one influences other persons, and the ways in which one is influenced by others. 

The factors which affect mental health are:

1. Heredity which is a force provides the raw materials and the potential of one as an individual. It sets the limit to a person's mental health.
2. Physical factors which contribute significantly to a person's ability to cope and become a well-adjusted individual. A person's mental vitality is improved by that person's physical health.
3. Social factors related to a person's environment and the interaction process I.e a person's interaction with his environment. Some particular social factors  influence the development of mental health are person's home and family, a person's school or college and person's community.
4. Stress is also factor which affectq mental health. The stress could be environment or internal.

1. HEREDITARY AS A FACTOR IN MENTAL HEALTH

Heredity has general been considered a factor which provides the raw materials, the potentialities and tends to determine the limits of mental health.

Good hereditary itself does not really ensure a person's sound mental health in fact the exact role or function of heredity in mental health has not yet been fully known.

2. PHYSICAL FACTORS WHICH AFFECT MENTAL HEALTH

Physical health factors significantly contribute to mental health. The development of a wholesome pleasing personality, resulting in well-adjusted individual depends on this foundation of physical health. An eract posture, a wining smile and have a marked influence on other persons. Strength, good physique, good looks and robust health provides a social advantage in the development of personality characteristics.

          

          A feeling of physical well being makes possible intellectual alertness, enthusiasm, a disposition and a desire to live, to achieve and to be happy.

3. SOCIAL AND CULTURE FACTORS THAT AFFECT MENTAL HEALTH

Social factors contributes a person's environment, the society in which he lives the interaction process and his social functioning with other persons. Of special importance is a person's ability to cope in social situations and with other people as he participates in everyday activities. These social activities definitely affect a person's mental health.

1. The home and mental health

A good home which acids developing mental health includes the following:

• Genuine affection for each member.
• Harmonious relationships between parents.
• Parental assistance in helping children to realize their needs and interests.
• Consistent but firm discipline, and
• Opportunity for children to participate in responsible activities, engage in play and recreation and invite friends into the home.

2. The school and Mental Health

The school is the chief continuing and supplementing institution where individuals develop sound health practices. The school provides experience which lead to development of the total individuals through self realization, human relationships, economic efficiency and civic responsibilities.

3. The Community and Mental Health

The community provides BT he environment in which a person achieves his stature as a person and in which his family lives and grows. The individual on one's family develop not only through interpersonal relations with one another but also through participation in community activities.

4. Stress and factor in Mental Health

The family factor in the environment which affects health today more than anything else is stress which individuals encounter in everyday life, the ways a person attempts to either avoid or solve the psychological problems, determine the status of such a person's mental health.

5. Endocrine Glands as a Factor in Mental Health

The endocrine glands are closely with the functioning of the body, both normal times and in emergencies. These glands are unlike the salivary gland are ductless, and their secretion known as hormones.

      The diagram of the human form shows the location of the known endocrine glands. Their secretion affect only the body build, growth and physical functions but also the metal and emotional processes of man. Each of the endocrine is task specific, that which is each performs a specific and yet their functions are very coordinated.

SOME COMMON MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS OF STUDENTS AND OTHER YOUNG ADULTS

Student and young adults are confronted with lot of social and economic problems which impinge on their mental health. It is not humanly possible to discuss all mental health problems which are likely to confront young persons. Some could be very individual and unique. Attempt has been made therefore, so discuss briefly those problems which are considered by john, Sutton and Cooley (1975) and Byrd (1957) as the common problems affecting the mental health of undergraduate familiar environment. Johns and his associates (1973) list 23 common problems of college students a'd young adult affecting Mental Health, one of which are discussed here

1. Failure to Give Up Home And Family Relationship

Many young women, have ever been encouraged to move out and interact with their groups growing up.

They are ever protected to the point that they become completely domicile, the home, that is. The world could be rough and trying.

2. Renouncing Parental and Home Situation

It is not all the young men and women who are over protected at home that really want to be close to home or that never want to abandon familiar environment.

Lack of a definite choice of career

For many years education has been provided the youth in one form or the other but it is only of recent times effort has been made to guide youths in their choice of future career. The effort that has been made so far is only scratching the surface because there are thousands of youths that embark on post secondary education without really knowing what they want to do or are cut out for.

Lack of social Adjustment

Some youths especially college student are unable to adjust to the social environment in which they find themselves. Again the arrow points to the home the kind of social interaction that existed points to the home and the kind of social interaction that existed at home.

Lack of Emotional Adjustment

Many young people leaving homes for he first time are excited for obvious reasons. Even person wants freedom; freedom to do things his own way. But as it is observed, some youths may look quite matured outside, while deep down inside they have not acquired the emotional adjustment that will enable them cope with the uncertainties of the water world.

Poor sexual relationships

Some young adult male college students are uneasy presence of the female sex, with the result that they behave as if they actually hate them. They find it difficult to relate or interact with them in a meaningful way.

Desire for marriage

A good number of college students, particularly the women look forward to meeting young with whom they can share their future life.

Lioneliness

Lioneliness can be a frustrating experience. People feel lonely under different circumstances and conditions. A person coming to a new environment feels lonely because of the unfamiliar surrounding, including people.

Anxiety Over Employment

Students in post secondary institution have often regarded their higher education programme as means of obtaining the 'meal ticket' meaning their degree, diplomas or certificate which will enable them secure employment.

Problem of Drug Abuse and Misuses 

Drug abuse misuse are both mental health problem which are common with college students and young adults. A normal person would neither abuse nor misuse drugs on a consistent basis.

Scholastic Difficulties

Scholastic difficulties including the pressure of making good grades are one of the most serious mental health problems of a good number of undergraduate students.

Financial constraints

Funding for the students purchasing education in the polytechnics, colleges of education and universitas has always been a matter for concern everywhere, no less so in Nigeria.

Inadequacy of Basis Service of Facilities

Significantly, Nigerian students in the colleges and universities, like the persons in the larger community suffer form the lack essential facilities and services, to make their study period less arduous.

FACTORS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF MENTAL HEALTH

They following factors have been identified as important elements which facilities the maintenance of mental health.

1. Developing wholesome attitude
2. Building emo stability
3. Learning to face ability
4. Setting realistic/suitable goals
5. Working for achievement
6. Improving skill in human interactions
7. Accepting self-image
8. Accepting physical limitations and
9. Seeking helpful counsel.

PERSONALITY AND MATURITY

According to students of human behavior, personality means the total person intelligence, thinking, acting feeling-reacting to the world around him. Your individual traits make your personality different from that of anyone else.

PERSONAL AND INTELLIGENCE

Many authorities Including psychologist have proposed many definitions of the word intelligence: 

• Ability to understand
• Ability to learn 
• Ability to abstract thinking; that is to use symbols for ideas or concept

1. Influence of heredity on intelligence

Research studies to indicate that the limits of a persons intelligence are inherited.

2. Influence of environment on intelligence

Changes in intelligence are probably influence by the environment. Many factors in the environment determine how the thinking part of the personality develops, and becomes part of the total person 

3. Achieving Maturity

A person is mature if he has developed resources to meet his need that are socially accepted for his age and stage of development. In essence, maturity is not necessary a characteristic of adulthood.

4. Attitude toward authority

In any society order is essential. If everyone behave as he pleased little would be done and confusion would result.

5. Group behavior and responsibilities

A child often consider only own desire needs  and pleasure. As he grows older, he becomes interested in other people's needs.

6. Respect for others

When child show for concern for the wishes and desire of others, 

BASIC HUMAN NEED

What is Basic

The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing  countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resource necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The basic needs approach was introduced by the international Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976. "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the the world Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overriding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the world. It influenced the programmes and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach.

BASIC HUMAN NEED BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS

Richard E. Rubenstein

Since the publication of his seminal book, Deviance, Terrorism and War: The process of solving Unsolved social and political problems (1979). John Burton has been closely identified with the theory of basic human needs, an approach to understanding protracted social conflict that he continues to espouse and to refine (see, e.g., Burton, 1990a, 1997). Burton did not invent the theory, which posits the existence of certain universal needs that must be satisfied if people are to prevent or resolve destructive conflicts, but he gave it its most impassioned and uncompromising expression.

The Need for Needs Theory

From the end of World War II until the late 1970s, general theories of conflict came in two varieties, neither of which, in John Burton's view, was adequate to explain either the persistence of "irrational" social struggles or the real opportunities for their resolution. We can cell these apparently opposed (but actually complementary) schools of thought conservative personalism and liberal situationalism.

Needs Theory: Virtues and Limitations

From the perspective of conflict analysis and resolution, basic human needs theory offers theorist and practitioners certain important advantages. Three virtues of the theory seem particularly notable: First, it permits conflicts resolvers to make a valid distinction between struggles that can be dealt with by employing the conventional trinity of force, law, and/or power-based negotiation, and those whose resolution requires other measures. "Needs and values are not for trading," and "alternative dispute resolution." Another Burtonian apothegm, "Deterrence cannot deter (1990a, p.34) calls attention to the inefficacy of coercive methods to modify behavior when individuals or groups are impelled to act on the basis of imperative needs

Needs Theory: Possibilities of Further Development

Christopher Michell has rightly pointed out (in Burton, 1990b, pp. 166-171) that we have no theory of satisfiers equivalent to the theory of basic human needs. One cause of this fellow thinkers absolutely relativised their satisfiers. If the need for identity, say, is everywhere and always the same, but what will satisfy it is determined entirely by local histories and always the same, but what will satisfy becomes difficult, perhaps impossible, to changing social circumstances, it becomes difficult, perhaps impossible, to predict before the fact what will "work" to terminate an identity-based conflict 

1. Physiological or Organic Needs
2. Safety/Security Needs
3. Needs for love
4. Self Estern needs
5. Needs for self-Actualization
6. The need to know and understand
7. The Aesthetic Needs.

FRUSTRATION, STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH

What is frustration?

In psychology, frustration is a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment. Frustration arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of an individual's will or goal and is likely to increase when a will or goal is denied or blocked. There are two types of frustration: internal and external. Internal frustration may arise from challenges in fulfilling personal goals, desires, instinctual drives and needs, or dealing with perceived deficiencies, such as a lack of confidence or fear of social situations. Conflict, such as when one has competing goals that interfere with one another, can also be an internal source of frustration or annoyance and can create cognitive dissonance. External causes of frustration involve conditions outside an individual's control, such as a physical roadblock, a difficult task, or the perception of wasting time.

Causes of Frustration

1. Environment frustration
2. Personal frustration
3. Conflict frustration

FRUSTRATION AND STRESS

WHAT IS STRESS? 

Stress is the body's reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response. The body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses. Stress Is a normal part of life.

HEALTHY MENTAL ENVIRONMENT

Physical environmental factors contributing to mental illness are those that have the power to affect a person's biology or neurochemistry, thereby increasing their chances of developing a disorder. in addition to poor nutrition. Some other example of physical environmental factors are: Sleep deprivation. Smoking.

1. Healthy Environment at Home
2. Money problem
3. Problem of sex

HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT AT SCHOOL

A healthy school environment is one in which the school setting supports students health and well-being and helps them build a strong foundation for learning. In a healthy school, student learn – through lessons and by example to value their own health and that of the environment.

HEALTH ENVIRONMENT AT WORK PLACE

A health workplace environment also involves the physical environment of the office or workshop and the occupational health & safety of your employees. Reduce the worry of your employees by looking into the safety of the workplace. So allow your employees to come a safe workplace environment.

MEANING OF MODES AND MODIFIERS 

          According to Taber's Cyclopedic medical Dictionary, mood is defined as temporary state of mind or feeling manifested by one's thoughts and actions.

A modifier is described as a substance or situation which brings about change in the case to the mood or behavior of an individual. In this regard mood modifiers are those substance or conditions which affect the state of mind or feelings and dispositions of an individuals which result in multiplicity of behaviors.

CHEMICALS WHICH ALTER MOOD AND BEHAVIOR

Of all the substance ingested or injected into the body, drugs are the most potent that modify mood and behavior.

A. Depressants

A depressants, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels m, which is to depress or reduce arousal or Stimulation, in various areas of the brain. Depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers" as they lower the level of arousal when taken.

B. Stimulus

In psychology, a stimulus is any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organization. In perceptual psychology, a stimulus is an energy change which is registered by the senses and constitutes the basis for perception. In behavioral psychology, a stimulus constitutes the basis for behavior.

NATURE AND CONCEPT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

What is Mental Illness

Mental illness, also called mental health disorder, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions – disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorder and addictive behaviors.

Causes of Mental Illness

Psychological factors that may contribute to mental illness include: 

• Severe psychological trauma suffered as a child, such as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse.
• An important early loss, such as the loss of a parent.
• Neglect.
• Poor ability to relate to others.

MENTAL ILLNESS AND ORIGIN

Historically, mental disorders have had three major explanations, namely, the supernatural, biological and psychological models. For much of recorded history, deviant behavior has been considered supernatural and a reflection of the battle between good and evil. When Confronted with unexplainable, irrational behavior and. by suffering and upheaval, people have perceived evil. In fact, in the Persian Empire from 900 to 600 B.C., all physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil. Physical causes of mental disorders have been sought in history. Hippocrates was important in this tradition as the identified syphilis as a disease and was therefore an early proponent of the idea that psychological disorders are biologically caused.

PHYSICAL CAUSES OF MENTAL ILLNESS

Psychological factors that may contribute to mental illness include: severe psychological trauma suffered as a child, such as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. An important early loss, such as the loss of a parent. Neglect.

1. Communicable disease
2. Nutritional deficiencies
3. Accident involving brain
4. Nervous system
5. Alcohol
6. Glandular disturbance
7. Psychosis
8. Neuroses
9. Psychosomatic diseases
10. Anxiety
11. Depression
12. Phobias
13. Hysteria
14. Personality disorder
15. Suicide

DIFFERENT TREATMENT METHODS

• Psychotherapy
• Drug therapy
• Brain surgery for mental illness
• Electric shock for mental illness
• Nutrition and mental health