WORD FORMATION
Word: A group of letters which has a meaning is called a word. A word is used to stand for a thing or a person.
A. Primary Words: Words which are not derived, compounded or developed from other words are called primary words.
B. Compound Words: Words which are formed by joining two or more simple words are called compound Words.
Ex: school-bus, college-girl, play-ground
C. Primary Derivatives: Words which are formed by making some changes in the body of the simple words are called primary Derivatives.
Ex: bond from bind
D. Secondary Derivatives: Words which are formed by adding some letter[s] at the beginning or at the end are called secondary Derivatives.
Ex: UNwise, kindNESS
most words are formed with the help of prefix and Suffix.
E. Prefix: A syllable placed at the beginning of a word to form a new word is called a prefix.
Ex: Displeased, UNeasy, MISunderstand, IMpolite
F. Suffix: A syllable placed at the end of a word to form a new word is called a suffix.
Ex: hopeFUL, kingDOM, boyHOOD, bond AGE, manLY, healthY, otherWISE
COMPOUND WORDS
Compound words may be formed from:
- Noun + Noun
- Adjective + Noun
- Verb + Noun
- Ground + Noun
- Adverb (Preposition) + Noun
- Verb + Adverb
- Adverb + Verb
Noun | + Noun | New word |
---|---|---|
sun | light | sunlight |
cricket | match | cricket-match |
hand | bag | handbag |
post | card | postcard |
rail | road | railroad |
air | ticket | air-ticket |
maid | servant | maid-servant |
jail | bird | jail-bird |
love | Abba | love-story |
tax | payer | tax-payer |
Adjective | + Noun | New word |
sweet | heart | sweetheart |
deep | river | deep river |
short | story | short story |
regional | language | regional language |
strong | hold | stronghold |
political | leader | Political leader |
Verb | + Noun | New word |
hang | man | hangman |
dare | devil | daredevil |
cut | throat | cutthroat |
pick | spendthrift | |
Verb | + Noun | New word |
play | ground | playground |
love | letter | love-letter |
pay | slip | payslip |
work | load | workload |
watch | man | watchman |
cook | book | cookbook |
rain | water | rain-water |
care | taker | caretaker |
spare | time | spare time |
trouble | maker | troublemaker |
Gerund | + Noun | New word |
spelling | book | spelling-book |
walking | stick | walking-stick |
writing | desk | writing-desk |
blotting | paper | botting-paper |
stepping | stone | stepping-stone |
looking | glass | looking-glass |
drawing | room | room-room |
waiting | list | waiting-list |
visiting | card | visiting-card |
Adverb (preposition> | + Noun | New word |
in | side | inside |
ddown | fall | downfall |
in | mate | inmate |
by | path | bypath |
after | noon | afternoon |
off | spring | offspring |
over | coat | overcoat |
fore | sight | foresight |
out | law | outlaw |
Verb | + Adverb | New word |
draw | back | drawback |
lock | up | lockup |
die | hard | diehard |
send | off | sendoff |
set | back | setback |
Verb | + Adverb | New word |
follow | up | follow-up |
make | up | makeup |
out | set | outset |
up | keep | upkeep |
- Noun + Adjective
- Adjective + Adjective
- Adverb + Participle
Noun | + Adjective or participle |
New word |
---|---|---|
bed | rideen | bedridden |
hand | made | handmade |
heart | broken | heart-broken |
time | serving | time-serving |
ear | piercing | ear-piercing |
heart | rending | heart-rending |
note | worthy | noteworthy |
sea | sick | seasick |
stone | blind | stone-blind |
home | sick | homesick |
skin | deep | skin-deep |
breast | high | breast-high |
snow | white | snow-white |
sky | blue | sky-blue |
purse | up | purse-proud |
pitch | dark | pitch-dark |
blood | red | blood-red |
Adjective | + Adjective | New word |
red | hot | red-hot |
blue | black | blue-black |
white | hot | white-hot |
dull | keep | dull-grey |
Adverb | + Participle | New word |
far | seen | far-seen |
in | born | inborn |
down | hearted | down-hearted |
out | spoken | outspoken |
well | deserved | well-deserved |
thorough | set | throughbred |
up | ending | never-ending |
ever | lasting | everlasting |
long | suffering | long-suffering |
- Noun + Verb
- Adjective + Verb
Noun | + Verb | New word |
---|---|---|
way | lay | waylay |
back | bite | back-bite |
type | write | type-write |
brow | beat | brow-beat |
ear | mark | earmark |
Adjective | + Verb | New word |
safe | guard | safeguard |
ful | fil | fulfil |
over | throw | overthrow |
fore | tell | foretell |
under | go | undergo |
over | hear | overhear |
up | set | upset |
ill | use | ill-use |
over | keep | overdo |
- Noun suffixes
No. Verb | Noun |
---|---|
1. abide | abode |
2. abound | abundance |
3. admit | admission |
4. apply | application |
5. amuse | amusement |
6 arrive | arrival |
8. agree | agreement |
9. approve | approval |
10. assist | assistance |
11. attend | attendance, attention |
12. advise | advice |
13. bear | birth, bier |
14. bind | bond, band |
15. break | breach |
16. believe | belief |
17. bite | bit |
18. brand | brand |
19. belong | belongings |
20. bury | burial |
21. bless | blessings |
22. choose | choice |
23. compel | compulsion |
24. connect | connection |
25. carry | carriage |
26. conceal | concealment |
27. draw | draft |
28. die | death |
29. do | deed |
30. drink | draught |
31. decide | decision |
32. deny | denial |
33. discover | discovery |
34. deceive | deception |
35. defy | defiance |
36. deliver | deliver/deliverance |
37. dismiss | dismissal |
38. exceed | excess |
39. expel | expulsion |
40. exist | existence |
41. flow | flood |
42. float | fleet |
43. fly | flight |
45. give | gift |
46. grow | growth |
47. heal | health |
48. hate | hatred |
49. judge | judgment |
50. know | knowledge |
51. live | life, living |
52. lend | loan |
53. lose | loss |
54. learn | learning |
55. laugh | laughter |
56. marry | marriage |
57. move | motion, movement |
58. manage | management |
59. mean | meaning |
60. narrate | narrative, narration |
61. offend | offence |
62. obey | obedience |
63. occupy | occupation |
64. object | objection |
65. oppose | opposition |
66. pretend | pretence |
67. pursue | pursuit |
68. practise | practice |
69. prove | proof |
70. perform | performance |
71. precise | precision |
72. predict | prediction |
73. please | pleasure |
74. proceed | process, procedure |
75. protect | protection |
76. provide | provision |
77. quote | quotation |
78. relieve | relief |
79..receive | receipt, reception |
80. refer | reference |
81. refuse | refusal |
82. resolve | resolution |
83. reduce | reduction |
84. refresh | refreshment |
85. respond | response |
86. reveal | revelation |
87. slay | slaughter |
88. shake | shock |
89. sit | seat |
90. strive | strife |
91. see | sight |
92. secure | security |
93. sing | song |
94. speak | speech |
95. strike | stroke |
96. slay | slaughter |
97. seize | seizure |
98. serve | service |
99. steal | stealth |
100. succeed | success |
101. tell | tale |
102. think | thought |
103. try | tral |
104. urge | urgency |
105. vacate | vacancy |
106. weave | web |
107. wake | watch |
108. weigh | weight |
109. wed | wedding |
s/no Adjective | Noun |
---|---|
1. able | ability |
2. active | activity |
3. abundant | abundance |
4. broad | breadth |
5. busy | business |
6. brave | bravely |
7. brief | brevity |
8. cheap | cheapness |
9. civil | civility |
10. curious | curiosity |
11. calm | calmness |
12. certain | certainty |
13. coward | cowardice |
14. deep | depth |
15. dear | dearth |
16. dense | density |
17. equal | equality |
18. fast | fastness |
19. few | fewness |
20. false | falsehood |
21. fertile | fertility |
22. frail | fraility |
23. gallant | gallantry |
24. generous | generosity |
25. gay | gaiety |
26. grand | grandeur |
27. great | greatness |
28. hard | hardness, hardship |
29. holy | holiness |
30. hot | heat |
31. just | justice |
32. happy | happiness |
33. high | heght |
34. honest | honesty |
35. inferior | inferiority |
36. local | locality |
37. lame | lameness |
38. long | length |
39. mean | meanness |
40. moist | moisture |
41. merry | merriment |
42. mortal | mortality |
43. necessary | necessity |
44. noble | nobility |
45. new | newness |
46. obedient | obedience |
47. one | oneness |
48. pious | piety |
49. popular | popularity |
50. proud | pride |
51. pure | purity |
52. poor | poverty |
53. private | privacy |
54. prudent | prudence |
55. quick | quickness |
56. real | reality |
57. rival | rivalry |
58. rich | richness |
59. royal | royalty |
60. rigid | rigidity |
61. red | redness |
62. round | roundness |
63. safe | safety |
64. severe | severity |
65. solitary | solitude |
66. splendid | splendour |
67. stupid | stupidity |
68. supreme | supremacy |
67. stupid | stupidity |
68. supreme | supremacy |
69. sacred | secredness |
70. scarce | scarcity |
71. short | shortage, shortness |
72. special | specialty |
73. strong | slowness |
74. slow | slowness |
75. sweet | sweetness |
76. timid | timidity |
77. vacant | vacancy |
78. weak | weakness |
79. wide | width |
80. young | youth |
S/No. Common | Abstract Noun |
---|---|
1. act | action |
2. baby | babyhood |
3. begger | beggary |
4. coin | coinage |
5. agent | agency |
6. bond | bondage |
7. child | childhood |
8. creature | creation |
9. friend | friendship |
10. hero | heroism |
11. infant | infancy |
12. king | kingship |
13. mother | motherhood |
14. man | manhood |
15. owner | ownership |
S/No Noun | Verb |
---|---|
1. apology | apologise |
2. authority | authorise |
3. bath | bathe |
4. beauty | beautify |
5. black | blacken |
6. body | embody |
7. breadth | broaden |
8. battle | embattled |
9. bed | imbed |
10. blood | bleed |
11. brass | braze |
12. brood | breed |
13. cage | encage |
14. centre | concentrate |
15. christ | christen |
16. circle | encircle |
17. cloth | clothe |
18. colony | colonize |
19. courage | encourage |
20. custom | accustom |
21. camp | encamp |
22. character | characterize |
23. class | classify |
24. cloud | becloud |
25. company | accompany |
26. critic | criticise |
27. deity | deify |
28. drop | drip |
29. danger | endanger |
30. dew | bedew |
31. electricity | electrify |
32. economy | economize |
33. example | exemplify |
34. fame | feed |
35. food | feed |
36. force | enforce |
37. friend | befriend |
38. frost | freeze |
39. femine | famish |
40. fool | befool |
41. fraud | defraud |
42. fright | abode |
45. glory | glorify |
46. guile | beguile |
47. glass | glaze |
48. gold | abode |
49. half | halve |
50. harmony | harmonize |
51. head | behead |
52. horror | horrify |
53. habit | habituate |
54. hand | handle |
55. haste | hasten |
56. heir | inherit |
57. idol | idolize |
58. joy | enjoy |
59. justice | justify |
60. knee | kneel |
61. knot | knit |
62.magnety | magnetize |
63. monopoly | monopolise |
64. memory | memorise, commemorate |
65. nature | naturalize |
66. nation | nationalize |
67, necessity | necessite |
68. nest | nestle |
69. neuter | neutralize |
70. office | officiate |
71. origin | originate |
72. patron | patronize |
73. population | populate |
74. person | personate |
75. power | empower |
76. peace | pacify |
77. peril | imperil |
78. port | transport, import, export |
79. prison | imprison |
80. red | redden |
81. right | rectify |
82. sale | sell |
83. shelf | shelve |
84. snare | ensnare |
85. spark | sparkle |
86. sympathy | sympathize |
87. sermon | sermonize |
88. slave | enslave |
89. society | associate |
90. substance | substance |
91. system | systematize |
92. table | tabulate |
93. terror | terrify |
94. title | entitle |
95. tale | tell |
96. throne | enthrone, dethrone |
97. tomb | entomb |
98. utility | utilise |
99. vapour | evaporate |
100. vacancy | vacate |
101. verse | versify |
103. vigour | invigorate |
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