CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRA-ETHNIC AND INTER-ETHNIC

Marriage is a union between a man and a woman as husband and wife. The types of marriage in Nigeria are intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic marriages.

          Intra-ethnic means a marriage between a man and a woman who are from the group or area or community. Eh. Yoruba man and Yoruba woman or ibo man and ibo woman etc. While inter-ethnic groups - e.g between ibo man and Yoruba woman or between Hausa man and Yoruba woman

REASONS WHY PEOPLE GET MARRIAGE

      There are so many reasons why people get married, majority of people get married because they want to have children. Others get married because they want help from one another while some get married because they want to be respected or to be regarded as responsible people by the society.

TYPES OF MARRIAGE

       Marriage can be monogamous or polygamous. A monogamous marriage is a marriage for one man to wife. It is Common among Europeans and some Christians and the practice is called monogamous.

     Polygamy is act of marrying more than one wife which is common in Nigeria.

REASON WHY PEOPLE OBJECT TO INTER-ETHIC MARRIAGE

Some people in Nigeria oppose to outside marriage because of their belief and customs and tradition.

      Even difference in Religion belief and mode of worship and language barrier. Some think of distance as a yardstick.

REASONS WHY SOME PEOPLE SUPPORT INTER-ETHNIC MARRIAGE

       Some people still belief that inter-ethnic marriage helps to promote national unity. While others still support that it foster mutual understanding between one ethnic group and the other. Still some people belief that this type of marriage promotes knowledge of our different languages.

MARRIAGE PROBLEMS

       There are many problems associated with marriage such as having no children which can bring instant separation or divorce. Also lack of money to maintain the family is also a hindrance. Even family intervention, that is, mother-in-law and father-in-law. More so lack of tolerance and respect constitute another problem.

PROBLEMS OF INTRA-ETHNIC MARRIAGE

        Every system no matter how carefully planned is bound to have its weaknesses. Intra-ethnic marriage, like inter-ethnic marriages have some problems. For example a wife may find it easy to pack out of her husband's home to that of her parents in the event of a quarrel with the husband. In intra-ethnic-in-law to interfere in the affairs of the couple. People who marry from their ethnic group may not understand other people's ways of life. When marriages are so intra-ethnic, it will become difficult for the people to tolerate other people from outside their ethnic group.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGE

         If the man is a farmer, he will have more to help him in his farms.

         It has some disadvantages such as petty jealous, hatred and gossip among the various women that made up the house hold. Even constant fighting among the children and the man may not be able to control the wives and equal love is not going to be shared equally among the wives.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGE

        it is effect to control, manage and administer. Even the fewer the children, the less expensive on them either in feeding, and are childless. It can bring unpleasant situation or divorce.

WAGES AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION

Why do people demand for more pay?

There are so many reasons why people demand for more pay for example in Nigeria prices of goods are on the increase and workers need to go to the market to buy these commodities therefore, they will go back to press or demand for more pay.

         Some of them work more hours and they needed to pay extra allowances. Differential in salaries a times allows workers to demand for higher pay.

      When there is more money than goods

Whenever there is more money in circulation than there are goods and services the following things happens:-

       The prices of goods and services will rise the value of money will fall, goods become scarce as more people have money to pay for them. When ever you have this kind of situation, it is called inflation. 

        The dangers of having too much money in too few hands 

If the wealth of a nation is concentrated in few hands, the few rich men will cheat the nation by having unfair share at the expense of the poor majority. Also the few rich ones can over-throw  the government if it falls to serve their selfish interest.

         The economic gab between the rich and the poor will widen and this result to inequality in the social set up in the country.

HOW TO COMBAT INFLATION

    Inflation can be combated by adopting any or all of the following measures:-

More goods should be made available than there is money in circulation. The Central Bank should have tight control over the volume of money in circulation.

        Encouragement should be given to producers to expand their production facilities through loans from banks. This is possible if there is enough savings. The prices of essential goods should be fixed by government to discourage profiteering.

           Why should a labourer not earn as much as a doctor 

A labourer cannot earn as much as a doctor because, the period of training a doctor is longer than that of a labourer. The cost of training a doctor is higher than that of a labourer. Also, the work of a doctor requires more task than that of a labourer.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

NIGERIA AND BALANCE OF TRADE

          A balance of trade is the total value of goods imported and exported by a particular country at any given time.

        The balance of pavement of trading transactions between the exporting country and importing countries within a given period of time.

         Balance of payments can be promoting export trade so that goods imported do not exceed the ones exported.

          By promoting tourism and trade agreement with other countries and through encouragement of home made goods.

WHAT DOES NIGERIA EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES

The following goods are exported by Nigeria to other countries: petroleum, cool, groundnut, cocoa, rubber and palm produce-oil and kernel.

COUNTRIES THAT GIVE AIDS TO NIGERIA

the following countries give aid to Nigeria:

• United state of America
• Britain
• Russia
• France
• Poland and West Germany.

WHAT DETERMINES A COUNTRY'S ECONOMY

No country is totally self sufficient. As a result, countries buy what they do not have from countries that have surplus. There are some goods that Nigeria can not produce herself. She has to buy them from countries where they are produced. 

CHANGES THAT ARE AFFECTING FAMILY LIFE IN COUNTRIES LIKE U.S.A, India, and Britain.

As a result of the increasing world population, mass unemployment and poor social economic conditions, many changes are taking place which are affecting family life. For instance, in Britain, India, America and so many other countries of the world, family planning is becoming common couples are forced by the poor economic conditions to reduce the number of children they intend having.

       It is also important to note that they do not believe in extended family system. Children in these countries are known to leave their parents after reaching a certain age (21 years).

         In India, couples are not allowed to have more than four children. If a couple fails to follow this order, social amenities will be denied them or they will be dealt with legally.

Effects of working mothers on the lives of their children

       To most other countries of the world, mothers work and earn salaries. The affects the lives of their children in many ways, for example;

1. Less time is devoted to the care of the children.
2. Some working mothers leave their children with the Day Care Centre. The result is that most mothers, especially those working for longer hours gradually become strangers to their own children.
3. It is possible for the children to get diseases like ringworm and measles from other children.
4. Most working mothers do not have enough time to cook good meals for their families. They may not even care to teach the children good morals and manners it is equally unlikely that they will have time to train their children properly before they grow into adults.

RESPONSIBILITY OF A FATHER IN A HOME WHERE FATHER AND MOTHER WORK.

1. The father should provide shelter. food and clothes for the children.
2. He should help his wife in bringing up the children by giving them good home training, finding enough time to supervisor their academic work and teaching them good morals and manners .
3. He should try as much as possible to lay good examples for the children to follow.

PROBLEMS OF HOMES WHERE BOTH FATHER AND MOTHER WORK

Family problems are less in situation where the father alone works but quite different when the two parents are working

• In most cases, the father and the mother will not have time to take proper care of their children. The children are often left at the mercy of their neighbors
• Parental training and direction which are important to the upbringing of children would be lacking.
• They may not have enough time to plan for the future of their children.
• In some cases, the authority of the man over his wife may be reduced if both are working and more especially if the woman earns more salary than the man.

HOW TO IMPROVE OUR FAMILY LIFE

• Family life can be improved by inculcating the spirit of hard work on every member of the family.
• Discipline must also be maintained within the family, so as to have a well-disciplined family life.
• There should also be sound education, because the more educated the family members are, the more they will be enlightened and cultured.

EFFECTS OF OUTSIDE CULTURES ON OUR LIVES. 

WHAT IS CULTURE?

Culture means the total ways of life of people certain things put together constitute culture. These include.

1. Language
2. Music
3. Burial
4. Marriage
5. Religion
6. Food
7. Dressing

Some of the foreign cultures that are affecting our culture foreign cultures have so much entered our culture to the extend that every aspect of our daily life is affected. For instance, it is now a fact that most Nigerians languages. They even encourage their children to speak these foreign languages at home more than their mother tongue.

           Many Nigerians prefer wearing European dresses instead of our traditional clothes. Nigerians prefer to bury their deads in cemeteries instead of our traditional way of burying the dead. This is now accepted way of life.

         Some Nigerians do not participate in our traditional worship and festivals, instead, they worship in churches and mosques. Most of us now even prefer European dishes to our native food.

        Our marriage especially wedding ceremonies are performed according to European and Arabic laws.

                  To terms of dressing and music, the foreign culture have come to stay with us , through we still have time to practice our traditional ones.

ADVANTAGES OF FOREIGN CULTURE.

              Some of the foreign culture which Nigerians are adopting have certain advantages. Some of the advantages are:

• We are smarter in foreign dresses for offices than our traditional dresses.
• We are able to communicate with the outside world effectively and easily because of foreign languages like English (which is now our lingua franca) and French.
• Foreign languages too are helping us to embrace western education.
• Some evil practices associated with out traditional religion have been eradicated. Examples of such evil practices are the killing of twins and human sacrifices.

DISADVANTAGES OF FOREIGN CULTURE

In spite of the advantages listed above, foreign culture have their disadvantages:-

• Nigerians are gradually losing their national identity by adopting foreign culture.
• Some Nigerians, especially those who have been to foreign countries like U.S.A. Britain and France now look down on our culture as if is inferior to European cultures.

HOW TO PROMOTE OUR CULTURE

        It is important that we should try our best to promote our own cultures. This can be done by doing the following:-

• We should always organize festivals of our arts to advertise our rich culture heritage to the world.
• Cultural dances should be regularly organized at all levels of our society.
• Public lectures, debates, drama and symposia should be organized and televized on a national leave so that Nigerians will become conversant with their cultures.

RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES

VARIOUS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN NIGERIA

there are three type of religion in Nigeria they are:-

1. Christian
2. Island
3. Traditional religion

        The founder of Christianity is Jesus Christ. The Christians go to the church to pray, sing and to hear words of God. They read the Bible and abide by its words.

             The founder of Islam is Muhammad. (S.A.W). He was born in Mecca in the year 1537 A.D The Muslims worship in mosques and read the Koran everyday. It is compulsory for Muslim to pray five times a day.

              

       Believers in traditional religion worship Gods and goddesses like Sango, Oya, Oshun, Arusi, Amadioha, Ani and Olokun. They worship the Gods and Goddesses in the shrines.

WHY SOME PEOPLE DISPLAY EXCESSES IN THEIR RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

        

• Some people are fanatics who believe with without reasoning. They act without tanking.
• Some have sinned and believe that by displaying excessively in their religious practices they would be forgiven.
• Those who display excesses in their religious practices do so because they believe that certain ways are approved by God or Allah.
•  Some worshippers (especially Muslims) believe that before they could be regarded as good believers they must wage war (Holy war ) against non-believers. 

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PEOPLE HOLD EXTREME VIEWS IN THEIR RELIGIOUS PRACTICES.

FANATICS:- Means people who hold extreme views in their religious practices. When people fail to do this, the following things are bound to happen.

1. They will not like to listen to others views.
2. It can bring serious conflicts quarrels and riot.
3. Fanatics believe in religious wars such as jihad of 1804 and riots in kano, Borno and Gongola states.

STEPS WZ MUST TAKE TO MINIMISE RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS

    

         Believe should be encouraged to be tolerat. They must be accommodative and respect others people's view. Preachers should be educated people who can understand the use of words and its implication on the society.

ROLES OF GOVERNMENT IN CASES OF RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS.

Government should enact laws to control religious preaching and does not take part in religious propaganda.

A LEARNING THE ATTRIBUTES OF GOD

         God is believed to be the creator of the world, and as such he is credited with the following attributes:

• God is Omnipotent: Being Omnipotent, he has power over every thing in the world. He is all powerful.
• Immortality: God as an immortal being, means that he lives for ever.
• Invisibility: Though God is present everywhere, with his invisible nature, he cannot be seen with our naked eyes.
• Other attributes are, he is tolerant because he accommodates everybody, he is loving and caring.

RELIGIOUS AND IMPROVEMENT OF OUR COUNTRY

Since religion teaches moral, it will have good effect on the proper upbringing of our people.

        Religion also promotes love, and unity among our people. 

        It help to minimize some social vices in our society such as, corruption in public and private places, robbery, sex abuse, drug abuse etc.

THE ILL-EFFECTS OF RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS

      

      Although religion helps mankind in their various undertakings. It is not that religious beliefs are not without their vices. These vices are stated below.

1. Religion may lead to break down of laws and order, this happens where people of different religious beliefs are in conflict e.g. the Bokoharam and maitatsina religious riot of the Northern part of the country
2. It may also lead to loss of lives and properties e.g. The religious riot of 1987 in Kaduna state.
3. It can also lead to political and economic instability or crisis. 
4. Where there is religious conflict, it gives the country bad external image as such that it may be deserted by other countries.

NATIONAL IDENTITY

What is patriotism?

    

         The love of one's country is patriotism. A person who loves his country is called a patriot. A patriot is expected to be loyal and obedient to his country. He is expectD to seek the interest of his country before any other interest. He must be ready to lay his life for the progress and unity of his country. A patriotic citizen will always ask what he can do for his government and not what the government can do for him.

2. Our duties to the government

• We should always be loyal and faithful to the government.
• We should obey the laws of the land.
• We should pay our taxes, rates and levies regularly.
• We should avoid acts of disunity.
• Above all, we should work towards the unity and stability of the nation.

3. Consequences of our failure to perform our duties

• If we do not pay our taxes, rates and levies regularly, we would not have good roads, pipe-borne water, electricity, hospitals and other social amenities.
• If we do not perform our duties by obeying the laws of the land, we may be jailed or asked to pay fines.

OUR NATIONAL SYMBOLS AND WHAT THEY STAND FOR 

(i) Our National Symbols are: The National Flag, the coat of Arms, the Notional Anthem and the National pledge.

(ii) The National Flag: The Flag is divided into three equal parts GREEN, WHITE, GREEN. The green parts stand for our rich agriculture wealth the white part stand for peace and unity.

(iii) The Coat of Arms: The motto of our National Coat of Arms is Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress. The Coat of Arms has two horses which stand strength.

(Vi) The National Anthem: On National, State or other occasions when our Government or Governors are in attendance, the National Anthem is usually played. As the National Anthem plays, everybody has to stand at attention as a sign of respect to the Nation.

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

• Arise O compatriots,
• Nigeria's call obey.
• To serve our fatherland,
• With love and strength and faith.
• The labour of our  heroes past,
• Shall never be in vain.
• To serve with heart and might,
• One Nation bound in freedom,
• Peace and Unity.

• O God of creation, direct our noble cause;
• Guide our leaders right;
• Help our youth the truth to know;
• In love and honesty to grow; 
• And living just and true;
• Great lofty heights attain;
• To build a nation where peace 
• And justice shall reign.

The National Pledge; The National Pledge is often recited, in most cases, when the National Anthem has been played. The pledge is a vow of loyalty to the country

• "I pledge to Nigeria, my country,
• To be faithful, loyal and honest,
• To serve Nigeria with all my strength,
• To defend her unity, and uphold her,
• Honour and glory, so help me God.

Should non-recognition of National symbols be allowed?

Non-recognition of National symbols should not be allowed at all by the government. Sim religious sects profess not to recognize any National symbols.

         Members of these religious sects should be educated and enlightened on the need importance of the National symbols to any nation

PROBLEMS ARISING FROM ETHNIC, STATE OR OTHER GROUP LOYALTY.

    

            As a result of loyalty to other groups, other than the government, a few things may happen. Some of them are:

1. Ethnic loyalty may lead to plots to overthrow the government of the day.
2. Ethnic, State or group loyalty may cause civil disorders. Strikes and so on. These disorders and strikes may lead to weakening of the nation's economy.
3. Undue loyalty to a state or ethnic group would affect the nation's interests and aspirations.

CITIZENSHIP/NATIONALISATION 

WHO ARE FOREIGNERS?

         Foreigners are people living in a country other than their own. Some of the foreigners. For instances, some of these foreigners provide cheap labour for our various industries.

           Apart from the above, some of them are competent professionals in their respective fields of study. Some of them are involved in the construction of our roads, building of industries as well as oil exploration.

         Besides, some of the foreigners are good and established merchants who ate steadily passing the I expertise to Nigerians.

DEMERITS OF HAVING FOREIGNERS IN NIGERIA

foreigners constitute problems to Nigeria for some of them are spies. They are here to collect information needed by their home government to ruin our country.

Some of them are smugglers and currently traffickers who smuggle our currency mine to other countries. They also contribute to our unemployment in our country.

WHAT IS NATURALISATION OR ACQUIRED CITIZENSHIP?

Naturalization is the act of making oneself a citizen of a country other than one's country of birth. This is also known as acquired citizenship.

CONDITIONS WHICH FOREIGNERS MUST FULFIL BEFORE THEY CAN BE ACCEPTED AS NIGERIAN CITIZENS

The acquisition of citizenship in any country is not an easy process. Many things are involved. Any foreigners who wants to have a certificate of naturalization must fulfill the following conditions: 

• He must be a person of full age. That is to say that he must be an adult.
• He must show a clear intention and desire to live must be willing to accept him.
• He must be capable of making useful contributions to the nation.
• The person must have lived in Nigeria for a period of fifteen years.
• He must take an oath of allegiance.

INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

WHAT ARE CONFLICTS AND DISAGREEMENTS? 

Conflicts are bitter fights, quarrels or prolonged struggles between two people or groups of people.

CAUSES OF CONFLICTS AND DISAGREEMENTS BETWEEN NATIONS.

Like individuals or groups, nation are know to have conflicts and disagreements. Many factors could bring about conflicts between nations.

          Many nations have disagreed over boundary adjustments. This is a common source of quarrel between nations.

           In addition, nations can quarrel in a attempt to control a fishing zone. For instance, Nigeria and Chad Republic are known do their constant quarrels over the fishing area of the Lake Chad.

           Beside, bad treatment of aliens in a particular country and differences of opinion on certain issues could lead nations into conflicts.

             Struggle over international air space is another cause of conflict, Lthya and American are quarreling over an air space in the Mediterranean sea.

WHAT ARE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION?

International Organization are world bodies set up to promote world peace and economic order.

        The international organizations responsible for solving conflict involving African countries is called Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

          The United Nations Organisation (U.N.O) set Lee conflicts involving countries of the world.

         The world Health Organisation (W.H.O) is the international agency responsible for solving problems of world health or health problems of all nations. 

     

How do these bodies resolve conflicts between nations?

A. O.A.U.

         The Organization of African Unity meets regularly to examine conflicts among member nations and plan how to solve them.  A ministerial committee is established to meet regularly to among other things, prepare the ground for the settlement of conflicts and other problems among nations.

B. U.N.O.

           Members of the United Nations Organisation meet regularly to discuss how to maintain world peace and to solve other problems.

          The U.N.O has agencies which deal with specific world problems. For example, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (F.A.O.) is responsible for hunger and poverty. Relief aids are wen to drought affected areas.

How successful are international organisations in finding solutions to world problems?

          International Organisations have achieved some measure of success in some areas of world problem. The world Health Organisation is contributed in no small measure to the promotion of work peace and prevention of a third world war.

LABOUR PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL ACTION?

An industrial action is a situation where workers refuse to work to back up their demands for better conditions of service or when they feel that their members are being cheated unjustly.

FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIONS

(a) Sit down strike: This is form of industrial action where workers go to work without working.

(b) Go slow action: This is a situation where workers maintain skeletal services.

(c) Lock out action: This is a total boycott of work by workers. 

LABOUR UNIONS IN NIGERIA AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Trade unions are organised associations of workers in a trade or group of trade, having the same purpose and interest. 

TRADE UNIONS IN NIGERIA

There Nigerian Civil Services Union.

The Nigerian Union of Teachers (N.U.T.).

They Nigerian Union of Journalists (N.U.J.).

National Union of Road Transport Workers (N.U.R.T.W).

The Nigeria Labour Congress (N.L.C.) among others

FUNCTION OF TRADE UNIONS

          These union are established to protect the Interests of their members; they can also organise in-service and industrial trading for their members.

        The trade union act as Middleton between government, employers and their employees.

          They are equally established to fight for the improvement of the conditions of service of their members. Besides, trade unions can also organise industrial actions.

RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Identification of natural resources

Natural resources are free gifts of nature some of our natural resources include land, oil, water, coal, forest and gold.

Ways they can be developed

There are many ways in which these natural resources can be developed. Some of them are:-

(a) Water can be purified for domestic uses like drinking, cooking and so on. Water can be developed into dams for generating electricity.

         It could also be developed for fishing and for irrigation purposes especially in arid or dry areas like the Northern part of the country. Canals are developed from water.

(b) Land could be developed into oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide which are useful in our hospitals, factories and industries.

(d) Minerals could be developed into petroleum, gas and kerosene for our industrial needs. Iron ore and be used in our steel industries.

Contributions of individuals and organizations to resource development

Individuals and organisations contribute to resource development in some ways. They include

(a) Clearing of bushes and forests for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes.

(b) Individuals can dig wells in order to get water.

(c) individuals could also plant trees like palm trees, rubber and cocoa.

(d) Organisation Lil Shell and Agip are involved in oil exploration and mining.

(e) Some organisations too are involved in big scale transformations of raw materials into finished products.

RESOURCES	USES
LAND	FARMING, CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING OF ROAD AND INDUSTRIES.
WATER	DRINKING WASHING, COOKING, BATHING E.T.C
WOOD	MAKING OF FURNITURE, COOKING AND BUILDING OF HOUSES.
COAL	GENERATING ENERGY FOR DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
PETROLEUM	DRIVING CARS, MOTOR CYCLES AND INDUSTRIAL USES E.G ENERGY GENERATION
GAS	COOKING E.T.C

RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Non-renewable resources

These are resdurces which once exhausted cannot be replaced. some of these resources are:-

(a) Petroleum	(b) Diamond	(c) Coal
(f) Limestone	(g) Iron ore	(h) Gas
(i) Copper	(j) Tin	(k) Tin
(l) Gold	(m) Silver

Where they are produced

RESOURCES	SOME OF THE PLACES WHERE THEY ARE PRODUCED
PETROLEUM	Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, U.S.A..Britain, Kuwait, South Africa, Venezuela, Mexico and Russia.
COAL	Nigeria, Briatan, Australia, New Zealand, India, France and Germany.
GOLD	South, Africa, Ghana, U.S.A., Canada, Nigeria, India and Australia.
DIAMOND	South Africa, Zaire, U.S.A. and Canada.
ALUMINUM	U.S.A., Canada, France, italy and Norway
IRON	U.S.A., Canada, France, Russia.

In Nigeria, petroleum is produced in Delta State, Ondo State Port-Narcourt, Rivers State and refined at Kaduna State.

THE USES OF THESE RESOURCES

        Non renewable resources can be used in various ways. Lead can be used as sheet for roofing of houses and as automobile GE so line tanks.

        Gold and Silver are used as coins. They could be kept in banks as savings. They are also used as jewelry. Diamond can be used for glass work. Aluminum can be used for making cooking utensils, making the bodies of planes and cars. It is also used for making corrugated iron sheets.

           Petroleum is used in many ways. It is used as fuel. It can be used for power supply in factories and industries. Kerosene which is a by-product of petroleum is used as fuel for the family lamp and stove for cooking.

          Coal can be used as fuel to run train engines. It is also used as source of power in industries.

         Reasons why we should manage these resources carefully.

         We are expected to use these resources carefully so that we can avoid wasted.

RESOURCE PROCEDURES

CONTRIBUTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

        A country that is blessed with plenty of natural resources will be about self-sufficient. These resources help a lot in the establishment of industries and factories as they provide the raw materials. They serve as a pull and attract social amenities to places and areas where you have them. The availability of these resources create employment opportunities and promote international trade.

             Best to utilize our natural resources

We can utilize our natural resources best by establishing as many industries as possible to process these resources into finished products. We can equally sell the surplus to other countries where they are needed. Research can also be conducted on how best to use our resources.

Causes of wastages of natural resources

Some of the causes of wastages of our natural resources are:-

(a) Lack of funds to develop them.

(c) Inadequate transport facilities and improper preservation and storage facilities.

How to check the wastages

Wastages can be avoided or checked by doing the following:- 

Government should be able to provide enough money for the development of natural resources. Good preservation technique and adequate storage facilities should be provided. Research into how best to tap these resources should be encouraged. Adequate transport.

Workers in a rubber industry

Factors that can limit the full use of our natural resources 

The following are some of the factors which can limit the full use of these resources.

         Lack of adequate funding, lack of technical experts and war.

Local resources that are available but are not at present fully utilized

• Marble
• Tin
• Lime stone
• Iron-ore
• Fibre etc.

EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS

Unemployment:

          Unemployment is a state of things when people who are physically fit and are willing to work at the on going wage rate have no job.

How to solve unemployment

The nation can solve her unemployment problems in many ways. These include among others the following:-

     The government can build more industries and factories so that more people can be employed.

          Rural areas can be developed by providing social amenities such as hospitals, pipe borne water to stop people moving from rural areas to urban areas.

          Also government should encourage people to farm by providing loan facilities to young school leaver to enable them set up farms of their own.

            Private businessmen should be encouraged to site their new industries in rural areas. Employers of labour should be given special regard in society.

          They can cause over congestion in cities since most of them would drift to cities in search of jobs that are not there. This leads to the de-population of the rural areas.

PRE-MARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF ANY FORM OF MARRIAGE

          For any form of marriage, there are some basic requirements which are necessary and must be respected. Some of them are: love, loyalty, honesty, protection, protection, help, affection, reproduction, understanding and of course tolerance.

Why should spinsters and bachelors not be involved in sexual relationship?

        A man who is not married is called a bachelor while a woman who is also not married is known as a spinster.

Reasons why people are opposed to extra-materital sexual relations 

Extra-marital sexual relationship occurs when a wife or husband goes out to meet another person for sexual satisfaction. This type of enjoyment or sexual relationship might give birth to unwanted pregnancy and children born as a result of this are called bastard. 

They grow up to become problems to the society. They can also contact venereal diseases.

Responsibilities of parents and teachers to their children and pupil on the issue of unwanted pregnancy and pre-marital sex.

(a) Unwanted pregnancy: Parents and teachers should tell their children and pupils that unwanted pregnancy can disturb and disrupt their education and may even ruin their life. Besides, sex education should be given to the children and pupils by the parents and teachers, and also show them good example to follow. 

WHAT TO DO IF UNWANTED PREGNANCY OCCURS

Most girls are always confused as to what to do in an event of unwanted pregnancy. Majority of them have taken to abortion. A few unlucky ones have had to deliver their babies.

       What exactly can a pregnant girl, the mother and the man responsible for the pregnancy do when pregnancy occurs?

            First, the girl should be advised against abortion. She should as a matter of necessity register the pregnancy in a hospital for treatment and advice. Secondly, parents, especially mothers should educate the lady on how to tale care of herself and the pregnancy

      thirdly, the man responsible for th.e pregnancy should be made to provide shelter, if need be, food and medical facilities for the lady.

How to avoid problems of ore and extra marital sexual relationships

     People should not indulge in it all. Spinsters and bachelors should avoid pre-marital status relationship at all cost to avoid unwanted pregnancy.

       Prevention is said to be better than cute. The problems of pre and extra marital sexual relationships can be prevented in our society. If this happens, most homes will be at peace.

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON NIGERIAN FAMILY LIFE

THE INFLUENCES FROM BRITAIN, CANADA, FRANCE AND THE U.S.A. THAT ARE AFFECTING FAMILY LIFE IN NIGERIA.

              The influence of developed countries such as Britain, Canada France in Nigeria can be seen in mode of our dresses which are far from our traditional dressing.

           Also our mode of worship is influenced by these countries. For example, Christianity and Islamic religion which which we are practising is imported from them.

        Our marriages which is called monogamy is also a tradition from them to us.

        Our women calling their husband by name is on the increase this idea is also as a result of their influence on us. Wearing of man dresses is of the Europeans but today our women are seen wearing them and our dance and our musical instruments are also a pointer to their influence on us.

TYPES OF FAMILY LIFE STYLE IN NIGERIA

The Nigerian family life style is divided into three categories: Christian family life; Muslim family life and Traditional family life. On the whole, they are all based on family life and Traditional family life. On the whole, they are all based on family lineage. This is made up of the nuclear and the extended family systems.

             Every Nigerian family life style is dictated by the type of religion practiced. Christians behave according to the teachings or dictates of Islam. Traditional religion worshippers follow strictly the laws of our fore-fathers.

         Since the membership of any of these religion is not permanent, the Nigerian family life style can only be effectively discussed in terms of the family lineage-the nuclear and extended family systems which are today fast becoming our way of living.

        The nuclear family embraces the father, the mother or mothers and their children until they become adults. Even at the adult stage, he still has a considerable influence over them. Their thinking, religious beliefs and general world out look are all what he wants them to be. In spite of what looks like strick control, a father allows family democracy on Sim decisions that will affect the lives of everybody in the family. The extended family system is broader than the nuclear family. It consists of fathers, mothers, aunts, nieces, uncles, nephews, cousins, grand-father and grand-mothers, in-laws and other people with whom one has the same blood relation.

          In this set up, people look in one another as brothers. Disputes and quarrels are often settled peacefully. The joys and sorrows of the fortune or misfortune is everybody's fortune or misfortune.

        Again, like the nuclear family, the extended family system helps to make possible the type of life, religious beliefs e.t.c that a member of the group is like to practice.

         Another prominent family life style is in marriage. In Nigeria, married could take two forms I.e. it could be either monogamous or polygamous, it is monogamous when a man marries one wife only and polygamous when he is married to more than one wife. Christians marry only one wife muslims and traditional worshippers can marry more than one wife.

GOODS	COUNTRIES
Electronics	Japan, United Germany
Cars	France, U.S.A., Britain Japan, Russia.
Textiles	Italy, Japan, China
Wrist Watches	Switzerland.
Toys	Japan, India, Britain.
Industrial Machiness	Japan, American, Russia and France.
Papers	Sweden, U.S.A., Brazil etc.

THE ADVANTAGES OF TRADING WITH OTHER COUNTRIES.

           There are many advantages that can be derived from trading with other countries. Some of them are:

             The government gets foreign (currency) exchange from trading with other countries. By trading with other countries, ideas and knowledge are exchanged. This helps to promote peace and co-operation among trading nations.

NIGERIA AND BALANCE OF PAYMENT

             A balance of trade shows the total value of goods imported and exported by a particular country at a given time:

Transactions between the exporting country and the buying countries within a given period.

         By promoting tourism and trade agreements with other countries. And through encouragement of local producers by not charging excise duties on locally produced goods for export.

THE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

WHAT ARE THE TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES WE HAVE IN NIGERIA?

         Telecommunication devices are machines, engines and wires used to send and receive messages. Some of the telecommunication devices we have In Nigeria are telephone, telegraph, radio phones, telex. Television and walkie talkie.

         These devices, especially the telephone, Can be seen in major cities and towns in Nigeria where public telephone boothes are erected. Most of these devices can easily be found in private homes, media houses, electronic firms and in the offices of the Nigeria telecommunications limited (NITEL) and other business houses.

How and when do we use them?

        Most of these devices are used to send urgent and important messages. A device like the telephone can be used anywhere and any time by dialling the number required. If the line is through, one can then speak to the person the wants to talk to.

               The walkie talkie is used mostly by intelligence officer to  send very urgent messages. Messages may be recorded by using telex. 

Who maintains them?

         In most cases, these devices are maintained by government with the tax payers money through the Nigeria Telecommunications Ltd, (NiTEL) it has been given the monopoly by Government to supply telecommunication devices throughout Nigeria. Individuals and organizations that have telecommunication devices can help in their maintenance.

The Advantages of telecommunication

             There are many advantages that be derived from the use of telecommunication devices. Some of them are:-

           They save time, energy and and make business transaction easier. They make the delivery of messages quicker, faster and save people the trouble of having to travel long distance to deliver messages. 

            They also help in social and industrial development and make commercial activities relatively easier as orders can be made on phone.

   

How to ensure regular and effective use

    We can ensure the regular and effective use of these devices by doing the following:-

      Must be very careful with them also pay our bills on them regularly.

         Only experts should bee allowed to operate, and ins tell the devices. They should be easily accessible to those who need them and government should train more communication engineers to man

WATER AND AIR TRANSPORTATION

Problems of water Transportation in Nigeria.

Like any other means of transportation, water transportation is faced with some problems.

        Most rivers in Nigeria are not navigable all the year round. Besides, most Nigeria rivers have creeks that hinder effective water transportation.

        Some of the rivers have dangerous water animals living in them. These animals are capable of turning small boats and canoes. Where the rivers are navigable all the year round, and there are no wild animals, these are no sufficient water vessels for use.

1. We can use air and water transportation to carry goods from one country to another.
2. Air transportation can be used for distant travelings e.g from one continent to another.
3. Water transportation is used to carry heavy goods.
4. Water transportation is also used to carry bulky goods to a distant place.

Why we do not have maximum enjoyment if air transportation in Nigeria.

             We do not have maximum enjoyment of air transportation in Nigeria because of the following reasons:

             Landing facilities in most of our airports are not good and most passenger planes by the Nigeria Airways cannot cope with the ever increasing air passengers.

        some of our airports are so small that they cannot accommodate more than two planes at a given time. Poor weather conditions hamper effective air traveling.

How can the problems be solved?

         The government can solve the problems of air transportation by doing the following things.

1. By building more air fields and buying more passenger planes.
2. By installing more Landing facilities and expanding the existing airports.

DANGERS IN USING AIR AND WATER TRANSPORTATION

1. One of the dangers of air transportation is the fear of crashes.
2. The casualties involved in a single air disaster is usually more than that of a road accident.
3. One of the dangers of water transportation is that of ship wreckage which may involve loss of properties.
4. In both cases, the chance of escape is very slim since nobody will immediately available to rescue the victims as opposed to motor accidents.