SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCE

 SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCE

A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate and a compound sentence must have two or more co-ordinate clauses having their own subject and predicate.

A. CONVERSATION OF SIMPLE SENTENCE INTO COMPOUND SENTENCE

A simple sentence can be converted into a compound sentence by expanding a word or a phrase into a clause with the help of a co-ordinating conjunction.

Simple sentence	Compound Sentence
1. being tired, we stopped the work.	We were tired and we stopped the work.
2. Besides being beautiful Mina is very clever.	Mina is not only beautiful but also clever.
3. In spite of my poverty i was educated.	I was poor but still i was educated.
4. Notwithstanding her beauty, she is not proud.	She is very beautiful, yet she is not proud.
5. You must leave early to reach there in time.	You must leave early or will not reach there in time.
6. Owing to her rudeness she became unpopular.	She was rude, therefore, she became unpopular.
7. You must admit your guilt to avoid punishment.	You must admit your guilt otherwise you can't avoid punishment.

B. CONVERSATION OF COMPOUND SENTENCE INTO SIMPLE SENTENCE

This can be done by reading the number of clauses to a single clause.

Compound sentence	Simple Sentence
1. He opened the door and went away.	Opening the doctor, he went away.
2. He gave me not only the money but also good advice.	Besides the money, he gave me good advice.
3. He went to lagos and visited the zoo.	He went to lagos in order to visit the zoo.

C. CONVERSATION OF SIMPLE SENTENCE INTO COMPLEX SENTENCE 

A. Simple sentence can be converted into a complex sentence by expanding a work or phrase into a sub-ordinate clause-a noun clause, an adjective clause or an adverb clause.

Noun Clause

Simple sentence	Complex Sentence
1. I dislike Nina's proposal.	I disliked what Nina proposed.
Her decision did not prove helpful.	What she decided dis not prove helpful.
3. I don't know her name.	I don't know what her name is.
4.Get to know Nina's residence.	Get to know where Nina's lives.
5. Please tell me the time of the meeting.	Please tell me when the meeting takes place.

Note: A noun or noun equipment can be turned into a Noun clause.

Adjective Clause

Simple sentence	Complex Sentence
1. I saw a beautiful girl.	I saw a girl who is very beautiful.
2. A wounded elephant is very dangerous.	An elephant which is wounded is very dangerous.
3 I follow Mother Theresa's example.	I follow the example which was set by Mother Thaeresa.
That is not the way to answer the question.	That is not the way in which the question should be answered.
5. My friend, a teacher, wrote this book.	My friend, who is a teacher, wrote this book.

Note: An adjective or an adjectives equivalent or appositional words or phrases can be converted into Adjective Clause.

D. CONVERSATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCE INTO SIMPLE SENTENCE

A complex sentence can be turned into a simple sentence by changing the noun clause, adjective clause and adverb clause into a word or phrase.

Noun Clause

Complex sentence	Simple Sentence
1. Amaka said that she was beautiful.	Amaka declared her beauty.
2. That you have succeeded makes me happy.	Your success makes me happy.
3. Tell me what you have achieved.	Tell me your achievements.
4. It is foolish that you have wasted the money.	Your wasting the money is foolish.
5. The constitution declared that every citizen has a right to vote.	According to the constitution every citizen has a right to vote.
6. Auwal remarked how polite i was.	Auwal remarked on my politeness.
7. How long she will speak is uncertain.	The duration of her speech is uncertain.
8. I am sure that i shall get first class.	I am sure of getting fist class.
9. He explained that he is innocent.	He explained his innocence.
10. I know where Hanifat lives.	I know Hanifat's address.

Adjective Clause

Complex sentence	Simple Sentence
1. I don't know the place where she was born.	I don't know her birth place
2. I lost the book that you gave me.	I lost your book.
3. Men who have knowledge and experience are respected.	Men with knowledge and experience are respected.
4. people who are rich laugh at the poor.	The rich laugh at the poor.
5. We saw the house where the governor lives.	We saw the residence of the governor.
6. Boyhood is the time when we get to know about the world.	Boyhood is the time to get worldwide knowledge.
7. The correct time when the first world war took place is unkown to me	The correct date of first world war is unkown to me.
Eke ibe, who was the former ruler of Uga, was assassinated near Ogwa.	Eke Ibe, the former ruler of Uga, was assassinated near Ogwa.
9. I know the time when Dayo Ola was born.	I know the date of birth of Dayo Ola.
10. I have no money that i can lend you.	I have no money to lend you.

Adverb Clause

Complex sentence	Simple Sentence
1. You can eat as much as you like.	You can eat to your capacity
2. You can succeed, if you work hard	You can succeed with hard work.
3. Unless you show me your identity card, i won't allow you in.	I will allow you in only on producing your identity card.
Nabilat has done better than i expected	Nabila has done beyond my expectations.
5. When the father was away, Abdul traveled	Abdul has done beyond my expectations.
6. He does not express how he feels	He does not express his feelings.
7. I was surprised when she beat up the child.	I was surprised to see her beat up the child.
She was so foolish that she resigned the job.	She was too foolish to resign the job.
If i buy a book, i read it.	i buy a book only to read it.
10. The audience left the theatre when the film ended.	The film ending, the audience left the theartre.

          DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 

Speech: Speech means a talk or a dialogue between two persons
kinds of speech: There are two types of speech, namely:

1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech

1. Direct Speech: If we repeat the words of a person exactly in his own words to someone, it is called a Direct Speech. 

Ex: Amira said, "I am very happy about your success."

2. Indirect Speech: If we express the essence of main points of a person's words with a few modifications, it is called indirect speech or Reported Speech.

Ex: Amiga said that she was very happy about my success.

Note: Direct Speech should be placed between the quotation marks or inverted commas.

Reporting Verb: The verb used to introduce the reported speech is called the Reporting Verb.

Main points to remember:

1. Direct speech should be placed between the inverted commas and begins with a capital letter.

Ex: Auwal said, "I want to study medicine."

2. No inverted commas and comma are used in indirect speech.

Ex: Auwal said that he wanted to study medicine.

3. The tense of the Reporting Verb is not changed.

4. A conjunction is used after the Reporting Verb in indirect speech.

Ex: She told me that she would assist me.

5. Tense/Pronoun/Word indicating nearness of time and position are change.

Ex: Nana said to me,  'I waited for you here today." 

Nana told me that she waited for me there that day.

A RULES FOR CHANGE OF TENSE

1. Reporting Verb in the present or future tense remains unchanged.

Ex: Nana says, "I shall go to Abuja tomorrow."

Nana says that she will go to Abuja tomorrow.

Madina will say, "I shall be back soon."

Madina will say that she will be back soon.

2. If the Reporting Verb is in the past tense, the reported verb is subjected to change

Direct speech	Indirect Speech
Simple present	Simple past
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
present perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Past	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect	No change
Past Perfect Continuous	No change
Simple Future	Future Conditional
May	Might
Can	Could
Must	Had to
Had better	none
Ought to	-
Used to	-

Example:

(a) Yusuf said, "I like teaching.'

Yusuf said that she liked teaching.

(b) "I am writing a letter to my brother," Aminu said to me.

Aminu told me that he was writing a letter to his brother.

(c) "I have posted the letter.' Aliya said to me.

Aliya told me that she had posted the letter.

(d) "I have been teaching English for five years," Zahraddeen said.

Zahraddeen said that he had been teaching English for five years.

(e) Aminu said to Amina, "I loved you."

Aminu told Amina that he had loved her.

(f) "I was waiting for my friend," Khalid said to me.

Khalid told me that he had been waiting for his friend.

(g) Maina said, "I had lost my hand-bag."

Maina said that she had lost her hand-bag.

(h) Kevin said, "I had been thinking of marrying a rich girl."

Kevin said that he had been thinking of marrying a rich girl.

(I) "I shall speak to you about it later," my brother said to me. 

My brother told me that he would speak to me about it later.

(j) "You may go now," I said to Ahmad.

I told Ahmad that he might go then.

(k) "I can do anything for you," Levi said to me.

Levi told me that he could do anything for me.

(l) "You must return the book his evening," he said to me.

He told me that I had to (must) return the book that evening.

(m) "You had better consult a good doctor," Mummy said to me.

Mummy told me that I had better consult a good doctor.

(n) "You ought to love your parents," he said to Abba.

He told Abba that he ought to (had to) love his parents.

(o) Dany said to Diny, "I used to write stories."

Dany told Diny that he used to write stories.

3. Reported speech expressing a universal truth or habitual fact is not changed.

(a) My father said, "Honesty is the best policy."

My father said that honesty is the best policy.

(b) "The earth moves round the sun,' the teacher said.

The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

(c) John Keats said "A thing of beauty s joy forever." 

John Keats said that a thing of beauty is a joy forever. 

(d) Aristotle said, "Man is a social animal."

Aristotle said that man is a social animal.

(e) "I prefer hot coffee," my friend said.

My friend said that he prefers hot coffee.

(f) I love watching films," Hassan said to me.

Hassan told me that he loves watching films.

4. The past Indefinite Tense and the Past Continuous Tense are not changed in the following cases:

A past historical event

Ex: 

(a) My brother said, "Nigeria got freedom in 1960."

My brother said that Nigeria got freedom in 1960.

(b) "The first world war started in 1914." he said. 

He said that the first world war started in 1914.

(c) My teacher said, "Yakub built the museum."

My teacher said that Yakub built the museum.

An improbable condition:

Ex:

(a) "If Nana were a film star, I would ask for her autograph," I said to my friend.

I told my friend that if Nana were a film star, I would ask for her autograph.

(b) "If you were my wife, I would be happy," Hamz said to Hammziya.

Hamz told Hamiziya if she were his wife, he would be happy.

(c) "If I had money, I could lend you," he said to me.

He told me if had money, he could lend me.

A past ha but or custom

Ex:

(a) "pagans worshipped idols as God,"our teacher said to us.

Our teacher told us that pagans worshipped idols as God,

(b) "I always waited for buses," she said to me.

She told me that she always waited for buses.

Time Clause

Ex:

(a) "When I got there, Hanifat was writing a letter," Khalifa said to his friend.

Khalifa told his friend that when he got there, Hanifat was writing a letter.

(b) "When I was reading a novel, the potman knocked at the do," Amaka said to me.

Amaka told me that when she was reading a novel, the postman knocked at the door.

(c) "She had left the office before I went there," Abba said to him.

Abba told him that he had lady the office before he went there.

B. PRONOUN IN INDIRECT SPEECH

1. Pronoun of the first person are changed into the pronoun of the subject of the reported speech.
2. Pronouns of the second person are changed into the pronouns of the object of the reporting verb.
3. Pronoun of the person remain unchanged. 

Direct speech	Indirect Speech
I	he	she	they
You	he	she	they
You	him	her	their
myself	himself	herself	themselves
we	none	none	they
us	none	none	them
our	none	none	their

C. WORDS DENOTING TIME AND POSITION

When the reporting verb is in past tense, certain words denoting nearness of time and place are changed into words denoting distance.
It is necessary to change the words denoting nearness to words denoting distance because, when we open the words of a person to somebody, the place and time of the reporting is changed.
so the reported soeech must be in line with the modified time and place.

 

Direct speech	Indirect Speech
This	That
These	Those
Now	Then
ago	before
last night	the previous night
	the night before
next day	the following day
	the day after
Today	That day
Tonight	That night
yesterday	the previous day
	the day before
Tomorrow	the next day
	The following day
	the day after
The day before yesterday	The day before the previous day or two days before
the day after tomorrow	the day after the next day or in two days
next week	the following week
Just	Then
Thus	so
come	go

D. STATEMENT OR DECLARATIVE SENTENCE IN REPORTED SPEECH

Basic rules

1. Reporting verb said + to + noun/pronoun is changed into told.

Ex: Zainab said to me, "I loved you."

Zainab told me that she had loved me.

2. Other verb like reply/answer/inform/state may be used instead of said or told.

Ex: 

(a) "My name is Umar, I teach English at college," he said.

He replied that his name was Umar and he taught English at college.

(b) "I want to study law and become an advocate," Amina said.

Amina answered that she wanted to study law and become an advocate.

(c) "I should like to stay in America for five years and live with my sister." Laurat said.

Laurat informed me that she would like to stay in America for five years and live with her sister.

(d) "I have no intention of going into politics," the social worker said.

The social worker stated that he had no intention of going into politics. 

3. 'That is used in reported speech.

Ex: "I know you are my best friend," Ibrahim said to me.

Ibrahim told me that he knew that I was his best friend.

4. The words like tense, pronouns and words expressing nearness are changed.

E. QUESTIONS OR INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN REPORTED SPEECH

Basic rules

1. Reporting verb is changed into ask/enquire/demand/wonder/want to know/question/interrogate.

Ex:

(a) "Where do you want to go now?" he said to me.

He asked me where I wanted to go then.

(b) "Where has she gone?" he said.

He wondered where she had gone.

(c) "What do you expect from me?" Bukola said to me.

Bukola wanted to know what I expected from her.

(d) "Why do you waste your time?" My mother said to me.

My mother questioned me why I wasted my time.

(e) "What are you thinking about?" Hajara said to her sister.

Hajara interrogated her sister what she was thinking about.

2. The interrogative form of the sentence 

must be turned into a statement.

Ex: "Do you have any idea of teaching?" I asked Abba.

I asked Abba whether he has any idea of teaching.

3. That is not used with 

who/whom/whose/what/which/when/why/where/how

Ex:  "Who told you about my job?" Sa'ad said to me.

Sa'ad questioned me who told me about his job.

4. Whether or if must be used in reported speech.

Ex: "Do you love reading books?" he said to me.

He asked me whether I loved reading books.

5. Words relating to tense/pronouns/nearness are changed.

 

Direct Speech	Indirect speech
"Am i a mad man?" he said to himself.	He questioned himself whether he was a mad man.
"Are you a medical student?" i asked Uthman.	I asked Uthman whether he was a medical student.
"Is your sister a journalist?"I asked Ameer.	I asked Ameer whether his sister was a journalist.
"Am i making a mistake?" Idress said to himself.	Idress questioned himself whether he was making a mistake.
"Is your father going to Abuja this evening?" u said to Iman	i asked Iman if his father was going to Abuja that evening?
"Are you waiting for me?" I said to Ali.	I asked Ali whether he is waiting for me.
"Were you in lagos last year?"i said to my friend.	i asked her if she had been in Lagos last year.
"Was your brother married?"I said to my friend	I asked my friend if his brother was married
"were you watching television last night?" I said to Ali	I asked Ali if he had been watching television the night before.
"Do you want to read this book?" i said to her.	I questioned her whether she wanted to read that book
"Do you know anything about micro-chips in computers?" the expect said to me.	The expect questioned me whether i knew anything about microchips in computets.
"Did you write a letter to Munirat?" my friend said to me.	My friend asked me whether i had written a letter to Munirat.
"Did you tell her about your father's death?' he said to me.	He asked me whether i had told her about my father's death.
"What do you want?" he said to me	He asked me what i wanted.
"Who are you?" she said to me	She asked me who i was.
"Why are you very serious about it?" I said to her.	i asked her wby she was very serious about it.
"Where does she go daily?" he said to me.	He asked me where she went daily.
"When do you return from office?" i said to her.	I asked her when she returned from office.

F. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN REPORTED SPEECH

Basic rules:
1. Reporting verb is changed into a verb indicating a command/request/advice

idea or feeling	related verb
command	command, order, tell
request	request, beg, ask, implore, entreat, desire, beseech, solicit
advice	advice,urge, exhort, forbid, persuad, incite

2. The verb in the reported speech is changed into infinitive 

Ex: "Can you teach me English?" Abba said to me.
3. Negative commands and advices are expressed in reported speech by using to + infinitive
Ex: 'Don't play with fire," he said to me.
He advised me not to play with fire.
4. The tense and pronoun must be changed 5. Sentence with let can turned into reported speech in three methods. (a) Suggest/Propose + Gerund
(b) Suggest/Propose + Infinitive
(c) Suggest/Propose + That clause
Ex: "Let us setup a small scale
industry," my friend said on me.
My friend suggested setting up a small scale industry.
My friend proposed to set up a small scale industry. 

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
"Can you explain the word to me?" he said to me.	He requested me to explain the word to him.
"Please teach me how to use the calculator," I said to him.	I requested him to teach me how how to use the calculator.
"Don't be foolish," may friend. said to me	My friend advised me not to be foolish.
"Don't waste your time in readi g such useless books," my father said to me.	My father ordered me not to waste my time in reading such useless books.
"Burn the old letters," my brother said.	My brother suggested burning the old letters.
"Apply for a bank loan," my mother said to me.	My teacher advised me to be regular to my classes.
"Don't beat up the child like that," I said to Amaka.	I implored Amaka not to beat up the child like that.
"If I were you, i would marry Hafsat," I said to him.	I advised him to marry Hafsat.
"Please type this latter as soon as possi," the manager said to me.	The manager implored (requested or asked) me to type the letter as soon as possible.
"Don't neglect your health," Kairat said to me.	Kairat advised me not to neglect my health.
"Don't insult the poor," he said to me.	He advised me not to insult the poor.
"Be polite to others," I said to him.	I advised him to be polite to others.
"Go and get me a piece of paper," I said to him.	I ordered him to go and get me a piece of paper.
"Don't tease her," he said to me.	He implored me not to tease the girl.

G. EXCLAMATORY AND OPTATIVE SENTENCES IN REPORTED SPEECH 

1. The reporting verb is changed into the following manner:
exclaim + with + joy/sorrow/fear/anger/wonder/surprise/pain/applaud/regret/curse/cry out
2.Reporting verb in optative sentences may be changed like this
3. That is used in Reported Speech.
4. Words like what/how are omitted in Reported speech.
5. Interjection/Exclamations like hurrah/alas/lo/brave are replaced by adverbs.
6. For salutation at the time of meeting you may use:
wish + good morning/evening/night/good luck
And at the time of departure you may use:
bid + good bye + to + Object
7. Words indicating time/tense pronouns are changed.

Direct Speech	Direct Speech
"What a beautiful girl Hajiya is!" I said.	I exclaimed with wonder that Hajiya is really a very beautiful girl.
"what a tragedy that he has died in the accident!" he said.	He exclaimed with sorrow that he had died in the accident.
"How kind of you to help me in my distress," she said to me.	She exclaimed with gratitude that i was very kind to help her in her distress.
What a grave mistake i have committed!" he said.	He exclaimed with regret that he had committed a grave mistake.
"Wish you all the best," I said to Baba.	I wished Baba all the best.
"Congratulations! You are selected in the written test," i said to Sadiq	I congratulated Sadiq on his being selected in the written test.
"i wish you a happy journey," I said to Abba	I wished Abba good night abd promised to see her again.
"Wish you all the best," i said to Sadiq	I wished Sadiq all the best
"Good night! see you again,". I said to Faruq	I wished Faruq good night and promised to see him again.
Many happy returns of the day, my friend," Abdul said to me.	Abdul called me his friend and wished le many hapoy returns of the day.
Oh! what an excellent idea you have got!"	He exclaimed with wonder that i had got an excellent idea.
"What a handsome face you have!" Mr Najib said to me.	Mr. Najib exclaimed with surprise that i had a handsome face.
"How long i have waited for Adam and how much i liked him," i said to myself.	I exclaimed with disappointment and sadness that i had waited long
How gracefully Ahamd smiled and looked at me!" i said to myself.	I excaimed with happiness that Ahmad had smiled and looked at me very gracefully.